Pdf our cultural heritage is made with almost all type of materials produced by the nature. Canada, and account for most of canadas commercial lumber and wood. Tuve mattsson, a shoaib azhar, b susanna eriksson, a mikaela helander, b gunnar henriksson, b kerstin jedvert, a martin lawoko, b mikael e. Biodeterioration of wood home wood 474 wood properties. This proposal combines basic chemical studies to understanding how decay fungi breakdown wood, with more applied studies on how to protect wood and wood composite materials in an effort to reduce the losses that we suffer from decayed wood and to find. Physical and mechanical properties of selected wood species in tropical rainforest ecosystem, ondo state, nigeria jamala, g. The age of a tree at the stump or the age at any cross section of the trunk may be determined by counting these rings. Biodeterioration definition of biodeterioration by. Biosynthesis and biodegradation of wood components is a comprehensive account of the biosynthesis and biodegradation of wood and wood components.
Macroscopic characteristics are those features visible with the naked eye, or with a hand lens capable of magnifying 2 3 times. Chemical elements in wood of trunk bucko, 1995 spruce fir pine oak beech wood elements %. Forests are among the most valuable of all our resources as they provide us wood which is used for various purposes. Handbook of material biodegradation, biodeterioration, and biostabilization, second edition. The costefficiency and energyefficiency of wood chips combustion can be increased by drying the wood to optimize moisture content before being utilized in different applications. The results showed untreated osb and clt were very susceptible to decay. Wood preservation and degradation research at the university. Where frequent hard rains occur, a foundation height above grade of 300 to 460 mm 12 to 18 in. Surface activation of wood by corona treatment and naoh.
Macroscopic structure of wood mendel university brno. Biological degradation of wood advances in chemistry. Changes in the strength and physical properties of wood caused by decay fungi 11. The main insects involved in wood decay are reported in table 1 174. Decay mechanisms and biocontrol in addition to very low mammalian toxicity, the ideal biocidal treatment must meet other demands. Two types whiterot break down lignin white typically colonise from the air prefer hardwoods such as aspen rate of strength loss slow wood ends up soft but fibrous brownrot oxidise lignin brown typically colonise from the air prefer softwoods such as spf. Schiavon, n biodeterioration of calcareous and granitic building. Bacteria in wood ordinarily are of little consequence, but some may make the wood excessively absorptive. International biodeterioration and biodegradation is the official journal of the international biodeterioration and biodegradation society. Wood in the marine environment 17 stored food 19 insects and mites in stored products 23 prevention of infestation by pests of stored products 26 farmstored bulkstored grain 28 biodeterioration of natural products of animal origin 29. Welcome to the course site for properties of wood bct 304 at umass. Wood anatomy 4 primary components wood elementary composition of wood amount of c, h, o. The pulping processes aim first and foremost to liberate the fibres from the wood matrix.
Wood cellsthe structural elements of wood tissueare of various sizes and shapes and are quite firmly cemented together. Featuring senior investigators of specific methods and materials, the papers in this book examine the application. Inspection of wood bridges is a whole other topic decay can start, progress undetected and stop when constrained by. Research on biodeterioration of laboratory wood, 19871992. Biosynthesis and biodegradation of wood components 1st edition. This work is written by a s government employees and is in the public domain in the s. Deterioration is a phenomenon that occurs in materials of every type, including those used in buildings, metals, stones of monuments and so on. Ahiekpor,b and ayoade kuyea, in order to advance research into the conversion of biomass feedstock to other forms of sustainable energy in africa, data on the characteristics.
Clausen, supervisory research microbiologist 141 under proper conditions, wood will give centuries of service. Wood is decomposed by a variety of biological agents, including fungi, bacteria, and insects. The service time of wooden materials can be extended by modification of the wood. The majority of wood cells are considerably elongated and pointed at the ends. The role of fungi and lichens in the biodeterioration of. A1 and abraham, p1 1adamawa state college of agriculture, dept.
Proximate analysis, cellulose and lignin contents jesse a. Biodeterioration article about biodeterioration by the free. Procurement, manufacturing and trade with processed timber, wood based panels, glulam, clt and lvl. On this site you can find general course information. Passage f o of the tree, the inner rings of sapwood are. Or it is defined as any form of irreversible alteration, implying a modification in the. Biodeterioration article about biodeterioration by the. The degree of decay in wood depends on the total time the decay organism is active. Introduction to wood properties and wood products puu25. Surface activation of wood by corona treatment and naoh soaking for improved bond performance in plywood.
Current research on wood decay in the usda forest service1. Pdf 6 mb download hires image download to mspowerpoint. The ability of wood to buffer and mitigate the effects of strongly acidic or alkaline environments produced near the glue line by extreme ph structural adhesives was evaluated. The organisms that can degrade wood are principally fungi, insects, bacteria, and marine borers. The ph values of wood, cured adhesives, and mixtures of the two in water.
Understanding biodeterioration of wood in structures. Physical and mechanical properties of juvenile wood from scielo. Colonization and microbial interactions in wood decay 12. Cellulose, the major chemical component of fiber wall and contributing 4045% of the woods dry weight, is composed of linear chains of dglucose linked by. Wood in its natural state, whether living or felled, is subject to decay and deterioration which causes serious economic loss. Whiterot fungi are common wood degraders in forest ecosystems and have the capacity to produce extracellular enzymes that degrade all cell wall components. Therefore, basic information on properties of planted juvenile n. The wood species were machined and trimmed to standard size of 20mm x 20mm x 60mm for determination of physical properties and 10mm x 10mm x 300mm for mechanical properties. The costefficiency and energyefficiency of wood chips combustion can be increased by drying the wood to optimize moisture content before being utilized in. C apartado 1052, 41080 sevilla, spuirl this paper describes some biodegradation processes originating from the activity. For more information visit the international biodeterioration and biodegradation society website. In this article we will discuss about the biodeterioration of various materials. Untreated wood parts of substructures should not be permit ted to contact the soil.
Dry wood cells may be empty or partly filled with deposits, such as gums and resins, or with tyloses. Wood and fiber science society of wood science and technology. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. History, nature, and products of wood encyclopedia of life support. Mckee, b,c petri oinonen, b olena sevastyanova, b niklas westerberg, a and hans theliander a.
These pathways are the reason wood is more permeable to water along as more sapwood is layed down on the outside the grain than across the grain. Sackler colloquia presented the scientific examination of art. The forest services research on decay fungi and decay caused by fungi is done mainly in two research work units. Handbook of material biodegradation, biodeterioration, and. Nigerian hardwood nesogordonia papaverifera sawdust characterization. The microorganisms cause decay of wood and there are two types of wood decay. This testing method is used in establishing the effectiveness of wood products in framing subject to intermittent wetting. The ph values of wood, cured adhesives, and mixtures of the two in water slurries were determined for different wood types. Extraction and estimation of the quantity of calcium. Softwoods comprise more than 80 percent of the total volume of standing timber in. Understanding biodeterioration of wood in structures 4 the cells are the longitudinal waterconducting pathways figure 1. Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other.
A wide range of organisms are covered including bacteria, fungi, algae, lichens, insects and other invertebrates, birds, mammals and plants and the types of biodeterioration discussed include. However, under conditions that permit the development of wooddegrading organisms, protection must be provided during processing, merchandising, and use. Or it is defined as any form of irreversible alteration, implying a. Pdf concrete, stone, brick, plaster, wood, plastic, painted surfaces and metal are all colonised by bacteria, algae and.
Current research on wood decay in the usda forest service1 harold h. Handbook of material biodegradation, biodeterioration, and biostabilization, second edition gives extensive information on the microorganisms involved in the biodegradation of materials, along with the biocides which are permitted for use according to the most uptodate worldwide legislation mechanisms of biodegradation and biodeterioration, results of biodeterioration. Wood degradation is an important in problem both nationally and worldwide causing billions of dollars of damage each year in the us alone. This proposal combines basic chemical studies to understanding how decay fungi breakdown wood, with more applied studies on how to protect wood and wood composite materials in an effort to reduce the losses that. Termites are the major insect enemy of wood, but on a national scale, they are a less serious threat than fungi.
Pdf deteriogenic biofilms on buildings and their control. Handbook of material biodegradation, biodeterioration, and biostabilization, second edition gives extensive information on the microorganisms involved in the biodegradation of materials, along with the biocides which are permitted for use according to the most uptodate worldwide legislation. Biosynthesis and biodegradation of wood components book. Moisture content limitations decay can remain undetected for years incidents of failure of wood in critical infrastructure are rare utility poles fail in ice storms and hurricanes. Pulp and paper chemistry and technology volume 2 pulping. The effect caused by many epilithic lichen species in the deterioration of different types of stone has been extensively investigated and demonstrated.
Wood structures are usually degraded by wood decay fungi and they generate mainly loss of dimensional and structural stability. Highley chapter contents fungus damage and control 1 molds and fungus stains 2 chemical stains 3 decay 3 prevention of mold, stain, and decay 6 remedial treatment of internally decayed wood 8 bacteria 8 insect damage and control 8 beetles 8 termites 11. Brownrot fungi, which degrade primarily the polysaccharide components of wood, leave a lignin. We offer quality lumber in full container loads justintime. Any undesirable change in the properties of materials caused by vital activities of organisms is called biodeterioration. Agents that contribute to the deterioration of stone.
The natural durability of wood varies with the environmental conditions, wood characteristics wood species, sapwood or heartwood, etc. However, loss of plant materials before harvest is covered in plant pathology. In this study the drying of biomasses and the condensate, including biodegradation of organic pollutants, is examined. High temperatures, exposure to salt water, and certain climatic conditions favour the development of harmful fungi and insects. Wood has been used and adapted by humans since the earliest recognition that they could make use of the materials they found around them. The range of color variation in a commercial lumber group may be increased by the mixing of species, such as northern red oak and pin oak within the red oak. In plywood manufacturing, the surface characteristics of veneers play a critical role in achieving appropriate bonding. Textiles, particularly those composed of natural organic fibres such as cotton, linen, wool, etc. America expanding the possibilities of wood building design pdf. Biodeterioration of stored wood and its control 14. Wood and fiber science society of wood science and. Biodeterioration definition of biodeterioration by medical. The development of a woodbased materialsbiorefinery.
Biological degradation of wood advances in chemistry acs. Whiterot fungi may degrade all cell wall components. These include use of fungicides, biological control, prevention of biodeterioration by control of environmental conditions, periodic cleaning of dirt, dust and spores, and use of radiation. Factors affecting the development of biodeterioration in. Physical and mechanical properties of selected wood species. Akio yamamoto, a maija kymalainen, a, timo lindroos, b anti rohumaa, c kasperi sokka, d and lauri rautkari a. Insects also may damage wood, and in many situations must be considered in protective measures. Decay of wood or other material caused by fungi, bacteria, insects, or marine boring organisms. Topics covered range from the localization of polysaccharides and lignins in wood cell walls to the metabolism and synthetic function of cambial tissue, along with the function of cell organelles in. Physical or mechanical biodeterioration 3 fouling or soiling aesthetic biodeterioration 3 biochemical assimilatory biodeterioration 5 biochemical dissimilatory biodeterioration 5 the range of deteriogens 5 cycling of elements 6 recognition and costing of biodeterioration 6 2. Brownrot fungi, which degrade primarily the polysaccharide components of wood, leave a lignin framework. The biological causes of wood deterioration, during its processing or when it is in service, are of great concern to wood technologists. Most synthetic fabrics are not readily subject to extensive biodeterioration, but some processing and finishing agents are susceptible to microbial spoilage.
Physical and mechanical properties of selected wood. In march 2003, the national academy of sciences arthur m. Wood is a traditional building material and its deterioration and biodegradation are important critical factors for its durability. Natural materials 11 cellulosic materials 11 wood in the marine environment 17. Nigerian hardwood nesogordonia papaverifera sawdust. Fungi colonize wood and degrade cell wall components to form brown, soft, or white rot. Several control measures have been applied to prevent the biodeterioration. Modern techniques in conservation and analysis at the national academy of sciences building in washington, dc. Biosynthesis and biodegradation of wood components 1st. Biodeterioration of various materials microbiology.
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